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Ic pinouts

Posted by Unknown On Sunday, March 18, 2012 0 comments

IC PINOUTSThe following list covers just a few of the IC's on the market and these are the "simple" or "basic" or "digital" or "op-amp" IC's suitable for experimenting.
When designing a circuit around an IC, you have to remember two things:
1. Is the IC still available? and
2. Can the circuit be designed around a microcontroller?
Sometimes a circuit using say 3 or 4 IC's can be re-designed around an 8-pin or 16-pin microcontroller and the program can be be kept from prying eyes due to a feature called "code protection." A microcontroller project is more up-to-date, can be cheaper and can be re-programmed to alter the features.
This will be covered in the next eBook. It is worth remembering - as it is the way of the future.

Circuit symbols

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CIRCUIT SYMBOLS
Some additional symbols have been added to the following list. See Circuit Symbols on the index of
Talking Electronics.com

Games timer

Posted by Unknown On Saturday, March 17, 2012 0 comments

How often have you fallen asleep waiting for Granny to take her turn at Scrabble? (To be fair, most grannies are pretty smart, so it may be she who falls asleep waiting for you.) The brief for designing the Games Timer was to develop an electronic replacement for the sand timer which could provide timed intervals up to three minutes, a visible indication of how much time was left, an audible indication at the end of the timed period, and which could be instantly reset. The Games Timer solves all of these problems.

The Games Timer is an extended project suitable as a GCSE Electronics Products or GCSE Electronics project. If you follow through the practical work, you will develop a good understanding of the process of developing an electronic circuit. The reasons for choosing particular components and subsytems are clearly explained.

Dummy Alarm Project

Posted by Unknown On Thursday, March 15, 2012 0 comments

This Dummy Alarm project makes an LED flash briefly once every 5 seconds to imitate the

indicator light of a real alarm. The circuit is designed to use very little current to prolong battery

life so that it can be left on permanently. An on/off switch is not included, but could be added if you wish.

The 7555 timer IC used is a low power version of the standard 555 timer. A 'superbright' red LED is used because this provides a bright flash with a low current. The LED is off for most of the time so the average total current for the circuit is less than 0.2mA. With this very low current a set of 3 alkaline AA cells should last for several months, maybe as long as a year.

The circuit will work with a standard 555 timer IC (such as the popular NE555) but this will increase the average current to about 2mA and the battery life will be much shorter. You can use a greater supply voltage (15V maximum) for this circuit but the 1k resistor for the LED should be increased to keep the LED current low at about 3mA. For example to use a 9V PP3 battery change the 1k resistor to 3k3. Note that AA cells will last longer than a 9V PP3 battery.

This project uses a 555 astable circuit.

Parts Required

resistors: 1k, 10k, 680k
capacitor: 10µF radial
LED: red superbright, 5mm diameter
7555 low power timer IC
8-pin DIL socket for IC
battery clip
4.5V battery box for 3 AA cells
stripboard: 8 rows × 16 holes

Stripboard Layout

Circuit diagram

basic electronic components symbols

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Wires and connections
Component	Circuit Symbol	Function of Component
Wire		To pass current very easily from one part of a circuit to another.
Wires joined		A 'blob' should be drawn where wires are connected (joined), but it is sometimes omitted. Wires connected at 'crossroads' should be staggered slightly to form two T-junctions, as shown on the right.
Wires not joined		In complex diagrams it is often necessary to draw wires crossing even though they are not connected. I prefer the 'bridge' symbol shown on the right because the simple crossing on the left may be misread as a join where you have forgotten to add a 'blob'!

Power Supplies
Component	Circuit Symbol	Function of Component
Cell		Supplies electrical energy. The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+). A single cell is often called a battery, but strictly a battery is two or more cells joined together.
Battery		Supplies electrical energy. A battery is more than one cell. The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+).
DC supply		Supplies electrical energy. DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one direction.
AC supply		Supplies electrical energy. AC = Alternating Current, continually changing direction.
Fuse		A safety device which will 'blow' (melt) if the current flowing through it exceeds a specified value.
Transformer		Two coils of wire linked by an iron core. Transformers are used to step up (increase) and step down (decrease) AC voltages. Energy is transferred between the coils by the magnetic field in the core. There is no electrical connection between the coils.
Earth (Ground)		A connection to earth. For many electronic circuits this is the 0V (zero volts) of the power supply, but for mains electricity and some radio circuits it really means the earth. It is also known as ground.

Output Devices: Lamps, Heater, Motor, etc.
Component	Circuit Symbol	Function of Component
Lamp (lighting)		A transducer which converts electrical energy to light. This symbol is used for a lamp providing illumination, for example a car headlamp or torch bulb.
Lamp (indicator)		A transducer which converts electrical energy to light. This symbol is used for a lamp which is an indicator, for example a warning light on a car dashboard.
Heater		A transducer which converts electrical energy to heat.
Motor		A transducer which converts electrical energy to kinetic energy (motion).
Bell		A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.
Buzzer		A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.
Inductor (Coil, Solenoid)		A coil of wire which creates a magnetic field when current passes through it. It may have an iron core inside the coil. It can be used as a transducer converting electrical energy to mechanical energy by pulling on something.

Switches
Component	Circuit Symbol	Function of Component
Push Switch (push-to-make)		A push switch allows current to flow only when the button is pressed. This is the switch used to operate a doorbell.
Push-to-Break Switch		This type of push switch is normally closed (on), it is open (off) only when the button is pressed.
On-Off Switch (SPST)		SPST = Single Pole, Single Throw. An on-off switch allows current to flow only when it is in the closed (on) position.
2-way Switch (SPDT)		SPDT = Single Pole, Double Throw. A 2-way changeover switch directs the flow of current to one of two routes according to its position. Some SPDT switches have a central off position and are described as 'on-off-on'.
Dual On-Off Switch (DPST)		DPST = Double Pole, Single Throw. A dual on-off switch which is often used to switch mains electricity because it can isolate both the live and neutral connections.
Reversing Switch (DPDT)		DPDT = Double Pole, Double Throw. This switch can be wired up as a reversing switch for a motor. Some DPDT switches have a central off position.
Relay		An electrically operated switch, for example a 9V battery circuit connected to the coil can switch a 230V AC mains circuit. NO = Normally Open, COM = Common, NC = Normally Closed.

Resistors
Component	Circuit Symbol	Function of Component
Resistor		A resistor restricts the flow of current, for example to limit the current passing through an LED. A resistor is used with a capacitor in a timing circuit. Some publications still use the old resistor symbol:
Variable Resistor (Rheostat)		This type of variable resistor with 2 contacts (a rheostat) is usually used to control current. Examples include: adjusting lamp brightness, adjusting motor speed, and adjusting the rate of flow of charge into a capacitor in a timing circuit.
Variable Resistor (Potentiometer)		This type of variable resistor with 3 contacts (a potentiometer) is usually used to control voltage. It can be used like this as a transducer converting position (angle of the control spindle) to an electrical signal.
Variable Resistor (Preset)		This type of variable resistor (a preset) is operated with a small screwdriver or similar tool. It is designed to be set when the circuit is made and then left without further adjustment. Presets are cheaper than normal variable resistors so they are often used in projects to reduce the cost.

Capacitors
Component	Circuit Symbol	Function of Component
Capacitor		A capacitor stores electric charge. A capacitor is used with a resistor in a timing circuit. It can also be used as a filter, to block DC signals but pass AC signals.
Capacitor, polarised		A capacitor stores electric charge. This type must be connected the correct way round. A capacitor is used with a resistor in a timing circuit. It can also be used as a filter, to block DC signals but pass AC signals.
Variable Capacitor		A variable capacitor is used in a radio tuner.
Trimmer Capacitor		This type of variable capacitor (a trimmer) is operated with a small screwdriver or similar tool. It is designed to be set when the circuit is made and then left without further adjustment.

Diodes
Component	Circuit Symbol	Function of Component
Diode		A device which only allows current to flow in one direction.
LED Light Emitting Diode		A transducer which converts electrical energy to light.
Zener Diode		A special diode which is used to maintain a fixed voltage across its terminals.
Photodiode		A light-sensitive diode.

Transistors
Component	Circuit Symbol	Function of Component
Transistor NPN		A transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other components to make an amplifier or switching circuit.
Transistor PNP		A transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other components to make an amplifier or switching circuit.
Phototransistor		A light-sensitive transistor.

Audio and Radio Devices
Component	Circuit Symbol	Function of Component
Microphone		A transducer which converts sound to electrical energy.
Earphone		A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.
Loudspeaker		A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.
Piezo Transducer		A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.
Amplifier (general symbol)		An amplifier circuit with one input. Really it is a block diagram symbol because it represents a circuit rather than just one component.
Aerial (Antenna)		A device which is designed to receive or transmit radio signals. It is also known as an antenna.

Meters and Oscilloscope
Component	Circuit Symbol	Function of Component
Voltmeter		A voltmeter is used to measure voltage. The proper name for voltage is 'potential difference', but most people prefer to say voltage!
Ammeter		An ammeter is used to measure current.
Galvanometer		A galvanometer is a very sensitive meter which is used to measure tiny currents, usually 1mA or less.
Ohmmeter		An ohmmeter is used to measure resistance. Most multimeters have an ohmmeter setting.
Oscilloscope		An oscilloscope is used to display the shape of electrical signals and it can be used to measure their voltage and time period.

Sensors (input devices)
Component	Circuit Symbol	Function of Component
LDR		A transducer which converts brightness (light) to resistance (an electrical property). LDR = Light Dependent Resistor
Thermistor		A transducer which converts temperature (heat) to resistance (an electrical property).

Logic Gates Logic gates process signals which represent true (1, high, +Vs, on) or false (0, low, 0V, off). For more information please see the Logic Gates page. There are two sets of symbols: traditional and IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission).
Gate Type	Traditional Symbol	IEC Symbol	Function of Gate
NOT			A NOT gate can only have one input. The 'o' on the output means 'not'. The output of a NOT gate is the inverse (opposite) of its input, so the output is true when the input is false. A NOT gate is also called an inverter.
AND			An AND gate can have two or more inputs. The output of an AND gate is true when all its inputs are true.
NAND			A NAND gate can have two or more inputs. The 'o' on the output means 'not' showing that it is a Not AND gate. The output of a NAND gate is true unless all its inputs are true.
OR			An OR gate can have two or more inputs. The output of an OR gate is true when at least one of its inputs is true.
NOR			A NOR gate can have two or more inputs. The 'o' on the output means 'not' showing that it is aNot OR gate. The output of a NOR gate is true when none of its inputs are true.
EX-OR			An EX-OR gate can only have two inputs. The output of an EX-OR gate is true when its inputs are different (one true, one false).
EX-NOR			An EX-NOR gate can only have two inputs. The 'o' on the output means 'not' showing that it is a Not EX-OR gate. The output of an EX-NOR gate is true when its inputs are the same (both true or both false).